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<td valign="top" colspan="2" bgcolor="#990033"><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF"><b><a name="fluo"></a>Why
everyone should oppose water fluoridation</b></font></td>
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<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">Why everyone should oppose water
fluoridation.</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">Summary Statement. Fluoridated water
is an uncontrolled drug that works topically to provide, nowadays,
marginal dental benefits, but poses significant risks: when used
as intended (drinking water) it results in dental and skeletal fluorosis
and possibly bone cancer. Its ingestion through the water supply
can no longer be considered safe, especially when it is delivered
to the communities as a contaminant-laden toxic waste.</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">Seven good reasons why water fluoridation
is outdated and must be stopped.</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">1. There is no reason to swallow
fluoride. Swallowing fluoride provides next to no benefit in terms
of preventing tooth decay. Fluoride works primarily through daily
contact with teeth already present in the mouth (fluoridated tap
water works like fluoridated mouthwashes- by topical exposure to
the teeth) [I]. Unlike other halides, like iodine and chlorine,
(fluorine) fluoride is not an essential nutrient. Normal development
of teeth and bones occurs in the total absence of fluoride[2].</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">2. Fluoride is a drug. Fluoridated
water is the only consumer drug that is unregulated. All other fluoridated
products for human consumption (tablets, lozenges, toothpaste's,
mouth rinses, floss) are regulated. No safety studies are required
before a municipality decides to mass medicate its residents. There
are no Federal or Provincial laws making fluoridation mandatory.
The dosage of fluoride ingestion cannot be adjusted to suit individual
needs and to avoid overdosing some individuals who cannot tolerate
'optimal' levels in the water. For example, diabetics who drink
excess amounts of water will ingest excessive amounts of fluoride.
Patients with impaired kidney function will retain more fluoride
consuming normal amounts of water[3]. Unlike the administration
of vaccinations, individuals are being �forced� to ingest this drug
without providing informed consent because of its widespread use
in improperly labelled foods and beverages.</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">3. Since the introduction of fluoride
in toothpaste in the early 1960's, the total ingestion of fluoride
from water and toothpaste has resulted in an increase in the incidence
of dental fluorosis[4].</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">Dental fluorosis is not simply a
cosmetic side effect. Fluorotic teeth have to be repaired prior
to filling placement and orthodontics. The incidence of moderate
to severe dental fluorosis, which results in surface enamel that
requires costly restorative therapy, has increased. Dental fluorosis
leads to premature dentine hypermineralisation and discoloration
associated with ageing teeth[5]. This has contributed to the birth
of a multi-billion dollar industry of tooth bleaching and cosmetic
dentistry. More money is being spent now on the treatment of dental
fluorosis than what would be spent on dental decay if water fluoridation
were halted[6].</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">4. Long-term fluoride accumulation
on the skeleton results in skeletal fluorosis. This has been well
documented in other parts of the world where endemic fluorosis occurs[7].
Scientists who claim fluoride is perfectly safe in the water supply
at levels used to prevent tooth decay are lying since there hasn't
been a single study to examine the effects of a lifetime accumulation
of fluoride on bone fracture rates or the biomechanical properties
of the human skeletal system.</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">5. With the secular decline in dental
decay (there are many reasons for the overall decline of tooth decay
in both fluoridated and non-fluoridated regions) the benefits of
water fluoridation are no longer as dramatic as was observed in
the 1940's and 1950's. Banting and Lewis pointed out in their review
in 1994 that there is a lack of modern fluoridation studies.[S]
Documentation of comparisons of cities in the last 3 decades (Culembourg-Tiel[9],
Thunder Bay-Toronto[10], Stranraer-Annan[11], 1'ruro-Kentville[12]),
as well as whole regions (British Columbia Vs other provinces)[13]
- these are all published comparisons- demonstrate clearly that
caries is at very low in both non-fluoridated and fluoridated regions
(the differences in caries rates are so low they are not statistically
significant). In fact, some of these comparisons suggest that fluoridated
areas have even higher decayed-missing-filled-teeth (DMFT) scores
since dental fluorosis is often treated with restorations. Documentation
of the effects of reducing water</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">Fluoridation (e.g. Hong Kong[14],
Tiel[15], Wick[16]), is further 'evidence' (the same level of evidence
used to justify fluoridation in the 40's and 50's) that the decay
rates will not rise significantly when water is defluoridated. Any
minor increase in tooth decay (on average) will be the result of
an increase in select groups of individuals in our society (e.g.
poor people, the institutionalised elderly). These groups can be
protected against an increase in dental decay using alternative
cost-effective preventive measures.</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">6. Continuation of water fluoridation
without clear evidence of current benefit contravenes United Nations
policy to which the US and Canada are signatory nations. We collectively
have accepted "Document 1 1b, World Charter of Nature, 1982", in
which 'the Precautionary Principle' as developed by the United Nations,
is part of this document. It reads:</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">"Activities which are likely to
pose a significant risk to nature shall be preceded by an exhaustive
examination; their proponents sha11 demonstrate that expected benefits
outweigh potential damage to nature, and where potential adverse
effects are not fully understood, the activities should not proceed."</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">Thus, the onus is now on public
health to provide better evidence of efficacy of water fluoridation,
especially with respect to the current situation where we have observed
a general secular decline of dental decay in North America.</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">7. The use of 'toxic waste' for
the source of fluoride in most communities is an abhorrent practice
and should be halted immediately. The most common 'toxic waste'
form of fluoride is hydrofluosilicic acid, which is recovered from
the smoke stack scrubbers of phosphate fertiliser plants in Florida[17].
It is contaminated with lead, arsenic, and radioactive radium as
well as other harmful trace metals, which are diluted along with
the fluoride when concentrated hydrofluosilicic acid is added to
the water supply. Radioactive radium has been shown to accumulate
in the skeletal system and increase bone cancer in Canadian children[18].
This adulterated water is used in the homes to make infant formula,
reconstitute juices and cook foods. It is used in the manufacturing
of most beverages and foods in the major fluoridated urban areas.
Due to restricted inter-provincial trade practices, Torontonians
have to purchase goods made in Ontario rather than fluoride-free
products from Montreal or Vancouver. The systematic adulteration
of our water supply with toxic waste with the false claim that it
still provides a significant benefit to the general population in
terms of dental decay prevention is an unconscionable practice.
Local government officials who mistakenly believe that Provincial
guidelines must be enforced should be made to understand that they
will be held legally accountable for damage done to our children
(dental fluorosis, bone cancer), our sick (fluoride intoxication
in diabetes and kidney impairment) and our elderly (skeletal fluorosis)
-legal action may be the only way to make these of Ticials realise
that the practice of fluoridating water is harmful and no longer
justifiable as a public health measure.</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">Hardy Limeback, B.Sc., Ph.D., D.D.S.</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">Head, Preventive Dentistry</font></p>
<p><font size="1" color="#FFFFFF">Faculty of Dentistry, University
of Toronto </font></p>
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