HEX
Server: Apache/2.4.58 (Ubuntu)
System: Linux ns3133907 6.8.0-86-generic #87-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Mon Sep 22 18:03:36 UTC 2025 x86_64
User: cssnetorguk (1024)
PHP: 8.2.28
Disabled: NONE
Upload Files
File: //old_home_backup/consumeraffairs.org.uk/public_html-20241004153750/positivism-doctrine.php
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head><!-- TemplateBeginEditable name="EditRegion2" -->
<title>Economic Consumer Affairs -  
Positivism Doctrine
</title><!-- TemplateEndEditable -->
<meta name="description" content="Economic - Trading Economics" />
<meta name="keywords" content="Economic - Jobs In Economics" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery-1.4.2.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/script.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/coin-slider.min.js"></script>
<link href="/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="main">
  <div class="header">
    <div class="header_resize">
      <div class="logo"> <a href="/index.php"><img src="/images/logo.gif" width="200" height="130" alt="Economic Consumer Affairs Starting your own business" /></a> </div>
      <div class="menu_nav">
        <ul>
          <li><a href="/index.php"><span>Home</span></a></li>
          <li><a href="/applied-economics.php"><span>Applied Economics</span></a></li>
          <li><a href="/bank-of-england.php"><span>Banks</span></a></li>
          <li><a href="/beveridge-william.php"><span>Beveridge</span></a></li>
          <li><a href="/capital-stock.php"><span>Capital Stock</span></a></li>
          <li><a href="/earned.php"><span>Income</span></a></li>
          <li><a href="/economy/UK/economy.php"><span>UK Economy</span></a></li>
          <li><a href="/contact.php"><span>Contact</span></a></li>
        </ul>
      </div>
      <div class="clr"></div>
      <div class="slider">
        <div id="coin-slider"> <a href="/index.php"><img src="/images/slide1.jpg" width="960" height="180" alt="Bank of England " /></a> <a href="/index.php"><img src="/images/slide2.jpg" width="960" height="180" alt="How to make a start with your own business" /></a> </div>
        <div class="clr"></div>
      </div>
      <div class="clr"></div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="content">
    <div class="content_resize"><!-- TemplateBeginEditable name="EditRegion1" -->
      <div class="mainbar">
        <div class="article">
          <h1>
            Positivism Doctrine
          </h1><script type="text/javascript"><!--
google_ad_client = "";
/* links in a line #215670 */
google_ad_slot = "8962789804";
google_ad_width = 468;
google_ad_height = 15;
//-->
</script>
<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
</script>
          <div id="images3"><img src="/economics-imgs/economics-457.jpg" alt="Positivism Doctrine" /></div>
          <p>
            Positivism, the doctrine that all knowledge relates to observable facts and relationships about phenomena whose nature or origin can be accepted without questioning. The doctrine was first expressed by the French philosopher Comte in the nineteenth century; his aim was to observe historical phenomena and to infer from them scientific 'laws of motion' of society corresponding to those of the national sciences. This notion, and its corollary that from such 'laws' it is possible to predict the 'path' of social change have been extensively criticized in recent years, notably in the works of Professor Karl Popper. <br /><br />Post hoc ergo propter hoc, a Latin phrase meaning 'after it, therefore because of it'. Used by logicians and economists to draw attention to the fallacy of supposing that because B follows A, A is the cause of B. For example, if a fall in the price of a commodity follows the levy of a tariff on imports, it does not follow that the tariff caused the fall in price. The tendency is for a tariff to raise prices. If after a tariff the price fell, it would probably have fallen even more if the tariff had not been applied. The fallacy is a logical trap winch non-economists discussing economic aspects of social or industrial activity are apt to fail into.
          </p>
        
          <h2>
            Read more Economic - Trading Economics
          </h2>
          <ul>
          <div id="images4"><img src="/econ/images-economy-418.jpg" alt="Positivism Doctrine" /></div>
          
            <li><a href="/post-tax-credits.php">              Post Tax Credits            </a></li>
            <li><a href="/trade/UK/international/money/price-profit/profit-in-this.php">              Profit In This            </a></li>
            <li><a href="http://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/mfebrochure/default.htm" target="_blank">              The Msc In Financial Economics Is A Full-time Nine-month Programme That Provides Outstanding Training In The Tools Of Financial Economics Sought By Financial Institutions, Companies And Public Organisations. It Combines A Rigorous Academic Core With Tailored Practical Applications, Designed In Consultation With Leading Financial Recruiters.            </a> &nbsp;<img src="/images/icon_external.gif" width="9" height="9" /></li>
            <li><a href="http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank">              Department Of Economics - University Of Oxford            </a> &nbsp;<img src="/images/icon_external.gif" width="9" height="9" /></li>
          </ul>
          <br />
          <p>
            <spc: %other />
          </p>
          <div class="clr"></div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <!-- TemplateEndEditable -->
      <div class="sidebar">
        <div class="gadget">
          <h2 class="star"><a href="/index.php">
            Positivism Doctrine
            </a></h2>
          <div class="clr"></div>
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- spamdex-display -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
     style="display:block"
     data-ad-client="ca-pub-2121528995419082"
     data-ad-slot="8029362605"
     data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</script>
<script type='text/javascript'><!--// <![CDATA[
    OA_show(53);
// ]]> --></script>

          <p><a href="/index.php">Economics</a> uses everyday words in a more specific sense than that in which they are used by the non-economist. 'Demand', 'supply', cost', 'market', 'rent' and many other words do not mean the same to economists as they do in everyday usage.<br />
          </p>
          <p><strong>Recent Reads</strong><br />
            <a href="/bank-of-england.php">Banks</a> 
<a href="/capital-stock.php">capital</a> 
<a href="/markets/economics/debt-conversion.php">debt</a> 
<a href="/division-of-labour.php">labour</a> 
<a href="/trade/UK/growth-economic.php">economy</a> 
<a href="/hume-david.php">David Hume</a> 
<a href="/land-tax.php">land tax</a> 
<a href="/law-economic.php">law</a> 
<a href="/marx-karl.php">Karl Marx</a> 
<a href="/pension-term-used.php">pensions</a> <br />
          . </p>
<p><a href="http://www.economist.com/business-finance" target="_blank"><img src="/images/econm.gif" alt="&lt;spc: %meta_title /&gt;" width="267" height="553" border="0" /></a></p>
          <p>&nbsp;</p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="clr"></div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="fbg">
    <div class="fbg_resize">
      <div class="col c1">
        <h2><span>consumeraffairs.org.uk 
</span></h2>
        <p>Since then his writings have in turn been increasingly reinterpreted as a special case both by some followers and by some economists who had not wholly accepted his writings. The content of economics is in a state of change, and this consumeraffairs.org.uk 
 site is therefore not a final statement of economic doctrine.<br /><br /><strong>Economics</strong> is in the last resort a technique of thinking. The reader will therefore need to make an intellectual effort, more substantial for some web entries than for others, to get the most interest and value out of this website.<br />
          </p>
      </p>
      </div>
      <div class="col c2">
        <h2>Ecomical Favourites</h2>
        <ul id="spcFooterLinks"><li><a href="/planning-organizing.php" title="Planning Organizing" alt="Planning Organizing">Planning Organizing</a></li><li><a href="/ploughing-back.php" title="Ploughing Back" alt="Ploughing Back">Ploughing Back</a></li><li><a href="/political-and-economic.php" title="Political And Economic" alt="Political And Economic">Political And Economic</a></li><li><a href="/political-arithmetic.php" title="Political Arithmetic" alt="Political Arithmetic">Political Arithmetic</a></li><li><a href="/population-number.php" title="Population Number" alt="Population Number">Population Number</a></li><li><a href="/population-economic.php" title="Population Economic" alt="Population Economic">Population Economic</a></li><li><a href="/positivism-doctrine.php" title="Positivism Doctrine" alt="Positivism Doctrine">Positivism Doctrine</a></li><li><a href="/post-tax-credits.php" title="Post Tax Credits" alt="Post Tax Credits">Post Tax Credits</a></li><li><a href="/preferences-measures.php" title="Preferences Measures" alt="Preferences Measures">Preferences Measures</a></li><li><a href="/trade/UK/international/money/price-profit/price-amount.php" title="Price Amount" alt="Price Amount">Price Amount</a></li></ul></div>
      <div class="clr"></div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="footer">
    <div class="footer_resize">
      <p class="lf">&copy; Copyright 2018 | <a href="mailto:contact@consumeraffairs.org.uk">contact@consumeraffairs.org.uk 
</a>  |<a href="http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/" title="Economics" target="_blank"> Economics</a> | <a href="https://www.sandrajonaspublishing.com/">Sandra Blackbush Publishing Unlimited</a> | One Heddon Street | Mayfair | London | W1B 4BD | Consumer Affairs was a not-for-profit organisation offering free advice about debt and money management via guides and reports on its website. </p>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<script type="text/javascript">

  var _gaq = _gaq || [];
  _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-31916544-1']);
  _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);

  (function() {
    var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true;
    ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
    var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
  })();

</script><script>
  (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
  (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
  m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
  })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');

  ga('create', 'UA-87073664-1', 'auto');
  ga('send', 'pageview');

</script></body>
</html>