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The aim of this article is to promote the use of the attached contact tracing tool to help health advisers focus on the outcome of contact tracing initiatives in their clinics.  The form can be used as a clinical tool to collect both index and contact information.  When reviewed as part of an audit process, the forms help identify factors that affect the outcome of contact tracing. 

This tool has been developed over the past five years by health advisers in SHASTD. 

None of the form is compulsory and we suggest that you use this form as a starting point to highlight which areas of partner notification you need to look at.  The form is available on Excel from the SHASTD website  HYPERLINK http://www.shastd.org.uk www.shastd.org.uk Please download this and modify it to your own needs/ codes.  Do write in and tell us how you have adapted the tool.

It is important to decide what information you wish to collect. How will you be using the audit form? If using the form for regional audits with different clinics it is important to define how you interpret the following terms/categories:

INDEX PATIENT
�Diagnosis:�
Enter which infection you are undertaking partner notification for. This will influence the period of infectivity and therefore the outcome.

�Date swab taken�, �Date of diagnosis given to patient�, �Date treated�, �date seen by health adviser�
These categories may help you look at management of positive results and patient referral to the health adviser

�Source of Attendance: Self/ Contact slip/Referred by GP�
�Clinical Symptomatic/ Asymptomatic�
Looking at these categories will influence your partner notification outcome e.g. those patients with a contact slip will probably have been treated for the same infection.

INDEX PATIENT DETAILS (may not be necessary if your clinic stickers contain this information already)
�Clinic No�, �Patients name�, �DOB(date of birth)�,�Gender�, �Orientation (sexual)�,�Ethnicity/ Country of birth�
This data will be useful in defining regional variations in your clinic population e.g. there will be more gonorrhoea contacts for gay men or in Caribbean populations.  This is useful when looking at differences in actual outcome when comparing more than one clinic or district.

�Site of infection� 
This will influence the period of infectivity and therefore the outcome.

�Period of infectivity�, �Length of time contact traced� and �rationale� (e.g. 3 months for symptomatic GC)
It is important that you clarify the period of infectivity.  If there is more than one health adviser using the form then clarify the length of time you contact trace for each infection and site eg:
Gonorrhoea
Male symptomatic urethral			2-3 weeks
		All other sites male & female			3 months

		Chlamydia
All contacts within the last year + 
At least the last contact +
As a general STI principle the most recent contact plus another contact

	Syphilis
Primary		9-90 days (all contacts)
	Secondary	6 weeks to 6 months(all contacts)
	Early latent	Past 2 years (all contacts)
Late latent	Infected more than 2 years ago (trace all long term and current partners)
Neuro / Cardiovascular/ Gummatous syphilis, infected from 3 years to 20 years ago. (trace all long term and current partners)

CONTACT INFORMATION
Name: 
Ideally this should be the whole name, but if not any details may be useful in identifying or cross referencing contacts. Does the person have a pseudonym or nickname? 

�DOB/Age and or address�,
This information will help in the identification of a contact, as many clinics can check attendance of contacts by a D.O.B.  An address is obviously essential for contract or provider referral.  When asking the patient for the name and address the HA should explain that their confidentiality will be maintained and that contacts will not be contacted without the index patients permission. Decide which information you collect, and the rationale for this.  If you do not collect any of this information, why not?

�Relationship to Index pt (patient)/ LSI (last sexual intercourse) and type of sex�
It is advisable to use the patients language for this as it will give some idea of the complexity of the relationship e.g. new boyfriend, sex two weeks, unprotected vaginal sex.  Using the terms RBF (regular boyfriend) can often hide the real relationship e.g. wife�s friend, baby mother, back room are much more accurate descriptions of relationships and may help you assess your likely success of contact tracing outcome.

Contact action to be undertaken by the IP (index patient)/HA (health adviser) (agreed at 1st discussion with HA, chose a code 1-9)
Allocate the relevant code from the �Contact action� section of the sheet of how the index patient will contact their contact/ partners and document specific details, (e.g. will see boyfriend next weekend and will give the contact slip then will go to his local clinic, details given for that clinic):
		
Index patient to inform contact
Index patient to inform contact and give contact slip
Health adviser to inform
Index patient to seek further details so health adviser can inform
Index patient unwilling to inform and provider referral refused
Untraceable (*always define why e.g. prostitute in Bangkok, no details available )
Contact not perceived to be at risk of infection
Contact already attended
Other

�Actual action taken (code 1-9)�
Often the code will change.  When reviewing the notes, the index patient could initially say that they will contact the partner, but they may later be found to be truly untraceable.

Complete �Outcome or resolution of contact action (Allocate most appropriate code A1-H)
Decide on your review time of the contact tracing, partner notification e.g. at subsequent visits and then two months later.  Document/ allocate the relevant code and detail the outcome/ resolution for each contact:

A1. 	Contact verified as diagnosed with the same infection and treated at a named GU clinic
A2. 	Contact verified as treated at a named GU clinic, treated epidemiologically but does not have the same infection
A3 	Contact verified as epidemiologically treated at a named GU clinic, does not have the same infection but has another infection (name the STI) 
A4 	Contact verified as treated only, declined screen
A5	Contact verified as screened, declines epidemiological treatment
B1 	Contact reported to have been screened and treated at a named GU clinic but cannot be verified
B2 	Contact reported to have attended a named GU clinic but cannot be verified
C 	Contact will be attending a �named� GU clinic but cannot be verified
D	Contact has attended another doctor and informed them of the �named� infection e.g. GP
E	Contact has been informed of �named� infection
F	Contact has been informed of �an infection� (without knowing diagnostic name)
G 	Contact refuses to attend (IP refuses provider referral)
H 	Other

The form should ideally be filed in the patients notes as a permanent record of the partner notification.  If the sheet is not in the patients notes there should be written documentation in the notes of the partner notification

There should be a new sheet for each infection.

The forms can be used to collate the data for an audit. Do not collect all of the data at once, but focus on the area where you feel practice needs to improve e.g. a starting point would be to look at the clinic process of contact tracing e.g. look at twenty sets of notes to see: 
who gets referred to the health adviser, 
at what point in their visit to the clinic and 
whether these forms are completed and put in the notes.  

Once the forms are being used then it is useful to look at comparing your clinics practice to the national standards:
For every case of gonorrhoea infection at least 1:1.5 sexual partners shall be identified.  Of those identified 0.5 shall be verified as having been satisfactorily managed within 4 weeks (1 month)

For every case of chlamydia infection at least 1:1.2 sexual partners shall be identified.  Of those identified 0.7 shall be verified as having been satisfactorily managed within 12 weeks (3 months)

These audits may highlight issues. e.g. if you seem to have a high number of untraceable contacts, consider documenting why they are untraceable and attempting to find ways of reducing this number.









List of useful gonorrhoea and Chlamydia contact tracing articles:

Alcry M., Joly J.R., Poulin C.(1991) Gonorrhoea and chlamydial infection: comparison of contact tracing performed by physicians or  by a specialist nurse, Can.J.Pub.Health.82.132-134.

Burgess J.A. (1963) A contact-tracing procedure, British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 39: 113-117.

Capininski T.Z.,Urbancyzk J.,(1970) Value of re-interviewing contact tracing, British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 46 485-487.

Central Audit Group in Genitourinary medicine, Clinical Guidelines and Standards for Genital Chlamydia Infection, 1998, HEA.

Clarke J., Contact tracing for chlamydia; data on effectiveness, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1998; 9;187-191.

Clinical effectiveness group (AGUM/ MSSVD), National Guidelines for the management of gonorrhoea in adults, Sex Trans Inf,1999;75(Suppl 1):S13-S15.

Cowan F.M., French R., Johnson A.M., (1996), The role and effectiveness of partner notification: a review, Genitourinary Medicine 72: 247-252.

Dunlop E.M.C., Lamb A.M.,King D.M.,(1971), Improving tracing of contacts of heterosexual men with gonorrhoea, British Journal of Venereal Diseases 47: 192-5.

Fitzgerald M.R., Thirlby D., Bell G., Bedford C. A., (1998), National standards for contact tracing gonorrhoea, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 7: 301.

Fitzgerald M.R., Thirlby D., Bedford C. A., (1998) The outcome of contact tracing for gonorrhoea, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 9: 657-660.

Hare M., Lamb A., King D.,(1970) Contact tracing in gonorrhoea, British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 46: 485-7.

Judson F., Wolf F., Tracing and treating contacts of gonorrhoea patients in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases, Public Health Rep; 1978 93:460-3.

King D., Chown R., Clarke M.B., (1996), Forty years on- contact tracing in Wakefield, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 7: 362-364.

Lamb A. M., (1966), New methods of contact-tracing in infectious venereal diseases, British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 7: 276-279.

Priestley C.J.F.,( 1998), The management of chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in genitourinary medicine clinics in the Wessex region, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 9;117-120.

Makki B.A., Keenan H.A., Kassler J., (1998), Partner Notification Strategies for Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 25 (6) 329-330.

Mills A.,Satin A., (1978), Measuring the outcome of contact tracing, British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 54: 192-198.

Muspratt B, Ponting L.I.,( 1967), Improved methods of contact tracing, British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 43: 204-209.

Potterat J.J.,Rothenberg R.B.,Woodhose D.E., Muth J.B.,Pratts C.I., Fogle J.S.,(1985), Gonorrhoea as a social disease, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Jan-Mar 85 Vol12 no1.

Priestley C.J.F., (1998), The management of chlamydial genital infection in genitourinary medicine clinics in the Wessex region, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 9; 117-120.

Talbot M.D.,Kinghorn G.R.,(1985) Epidemiology and control of gonorrhoea in Sheffield, Genitourinary Medicine, 61 230-233.

Thelim I.,Wennstrom A.M.,Mardh P.A., (1980) Contact tracing in patients with genital chlamydial infection, British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 56: 259-262.

Wigfield A.S. (1972), 27 years of uninterrupted contact tracing: The Tyneside Scheme, British Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 48: 37-50.

Wilcox J.R., Jefferis F.J.G.,Naughton E.M., (1966) Contact investigation of male West Indian patients with gonorrhoea, British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 42: 167-170.



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